Method to produce chemical pattern in micro-fluidic structure

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides flow cells and methods of fabricating flow cells. The method includes combining three portions: a first substrate, a second substrate, and microfluidic channels between the first substrate and the second substrate having walls of a photoresist dry film. Through-holes for inlet and outlet are formed in the first substrate or the second substrate. Patterned capture sites are stamped on the first substrate and the second substrate by a nanoimprint lithography process. In other embodiments, parts of the patterned capture sites are selectively attached to a surface chemistry pattern formed of silicon oxide islands each disposed on an outcrop of a soft bottom layer.

FIELD

This disclosure relates to biosensors and methods for forming biosensors. Particularly, this disclosure relates to micro-fluidic devices and methods for forming them.

BACKGROUND

Biosensors are devices for sensing and detecting biomolecules and operate on the basis of electronic, electrochemical, optical, and/or mechanical detection principles. Biosensors can sense charges, photons, and mechanical properties of bio-entities or biomolecules, or through molecular tags. The detection can be performed by detecting the bio-entities or biomolecule themselves, or through interaction and reaction between specified reactants and bio-entities/biomolecules. Biosensors continue to be miniaturized to reduce sample size while increasing sensitivity and information content.

A flow cell is a type of biosensor that includes micro-fluidic structures that allows external detection of its contents through a transparent window, for example, with microscopes, spectroscopes, or refractometers. The flow cell includes many capture sites on which biochemical reactions occur. The capture sites may be patterned or unpatterned (randomly distributed) on or in one or several microfluidic channels. Flow cells may be used to analyze biomolecules, conduct reactions, and irradiate samples. For example, flow cells may be used to for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing using fluorescent dyes for optical sensing.

Optical sensing techniques continue to improve, primarily from using better cameras with more pixels and better sensitivity to obtain more information from a flow cell. To benefit from the improved optical sensing techniques, the capture sites in flow cells are further miniaturized using semiconductor processing techniques. Challenges in fabrication of the flow cells using semiconductor processes arise, for example, due to compatibility issues between the semiconductor fabrication processes, the biological applications, and restrictions and/or limits on the semiconductor fabrication processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is emphasized that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are a cross section view of a flow cell in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 1C is a top view of a flow cell in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 2A and 2B are flow charts of various embodiments of methods of fabricating a flow cell according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3L are cross-sectional views of a flow cell in accordance with various embodiments according to methods of FIGS. 2A and 2B of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of some embodiments of methods of fabricating a flow cell according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure;

FIGS. 5A-5E are cross-sectional views of a flow cell in accordance with various embodiments according to methods of FIG. 4 of the present disclosure; and

FIGS. 6A-6J cross-sectional views of a flow cell in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It is to be understood that the following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the invention. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. Moreover, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact. Further still, references to relative terms such as “top”, “front”, “bottom”, and “back” are used to provide a relative relationship between elements and are not intended to imply any absolute direction. Various features may be arbitrarily drawn in different scales for simplicity and clarity.

A flow cell involves various bioreceptors which react with various biological material of interest in one or more patterned capture sites. One such reaction is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can multiply by orders of magnitude the number of molecular strands at a site. Various approaches are used to differentiate among different reactants and reactions for detection. One common approach is to tag a reaction with a fluorescent or phosphorescent label that emits a detectible photon that can be photographed externally. Different tags can be made to emit a different fluorescence, phosphorescence, or otherwise detectible and differentiable radiation. Nature of the detection would be determined based on the type of signal transduced. The signal transduced may be photons, for example, where a different wavelength of light is generated for different biological materials or reactions. In the example of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, a different color may be emitted for a different DNA-base (i.e., A, G, C, and T).

The bioreceptors are located within various microfluidic channels that deliver biological material to the sensors. The microfluidic channels may be a part of a microfluidic system that includes pumps, valves, and various measurement devices such as flow meters, pressure transducers, and temperature sensors. Combinations of fluid processing and sensing may be advantageously integrated.

Semiconductor processing often involves baking, curing, and exposing various surfaces to plasma energy and radiation energy. At high temperatures (i.e., above about 100 degrees Celsius, or over 150 degree Celsius) and/or high energies, these processes would damage or destroy organic bioreceptors and capture sites, which usually are delicate bio-molecules or very thin layers of surface chemistry. According to various embodiments. the surface modification chemistry of capture sites includes an adhesive promoter layer, for example, hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) or 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), and a bio-medium layer, for example agar, or hydrogel. In some embodiments, the adhesive promoter layer and the bio-medium layer may be mixed and applied to the surface together. The adhesive promoter, usually a form of silane, attaches to silicon-containing surfaces. The bio-medium layer attaches to the adhesive promoter. Without the adhesive promoter, a bio-medium may detach from a silicon-containing surface.

Thus, the bio-functionalization of surfaces on which bio-molecules are attached, are often performed after all the semiconductor processes are completed to avoid being exposed to the high temperature processes. In some designs, the microfluidic channels are formed directly on a substrate, usually a transparent substrate such as quartz, or an opaque substrate such as a silicon wafer, along with capture sites. At least one side of the flow cell is transparent to allow optical sensing of emitted radiation. By use of the term “transparent,” it is not intended that the disclosure be limited to substrates that are 100% light transmissive. Rather, transparent is used herein consistently with common usage by those in the field to indicate transmissivity sufficient to obtain the desired functionality of the resulting device.

In other designs, the microfluidic channels are formed on a microfluidic substrate that is subsequently bonded to another substrate having the capture sites. In the case where the microfluidic channel is in one of the substrates, the micro fluidic channel formation, usually etching a trench or via into the substrate, can be difficult to manufacture on a transparent substrate. To avoid damage, when a high temperature bonding process is used, the temperature-sensitive materials are deposited on the interior walls of the micro fluidic channels after the bonding process and the microfluidic channels are enclosed. A high concentration of material is flowed through each flow cell through the microfluidic channel surfaces having some affinity for the material. However, the density and thickness of material that attaches to the surfaces are hard to control, and the process is slow and wasteful of the temperature-sensitive material. In some cases, the material density varies throughout the flow cell or a batch of flow cells (not uniform) as the concentrations in the reagents change from inlet to outlet. The random, non-aligned locations and non-uniform concentrations complicate resolution of detectible activities at different sites using image processing algorithms. The locations may overlap each other and are hard to resolve. The randomness also makes it difficult to correlate between different flow cells because each would have different mapping of capture sites.

The various embodiments of the present disclosure contemplate a wafer-level process and a flow cell that addresses many of these issues by avoiding high temperature processing and/or allowing the use of dense patterns of capture sites without traditional photolithography on a transparent substrate. The bioreceptors, for example, DNA primers, are attached to the capture sites after the flow cell is fabricated. The site locations are patterned with an adhesive promoter layer and a bio-medium to form the capture sites. The density issue and the random, non-aligned location issue are addressed by forcing the bioreceptors to attach only at the patterned capture sites. The material selected for capture sites allows certain semiconductor processes to be used in fabricating the flow cell that otherwise cannot be used, for example, with processes that use a low temperature baking and curing. The various method embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in a semiconductor fabrication facility. In more detail, the processing of materials on transparent substrates such as quartz and glass and etching of transparent substrates are often incompatible with some stages of the CMOS process because, for example, the glass processing can introduce particles that are considered contaminants for other CMOS processes. Some embodiments of the present disclosure involve no glass processing or minimal processing of glass when it is used as a transparent substrate.

In certain embodiments, the flow cell of the present disclosure is formed by combining two substrates, at least one of which is transparent. FIGS. 1A-1C are cross-sectional views and a top view of a flow cell 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 1A is a cross-section of the flow cell 100 from sectional line A-A′ of FIG. 1C. The view of FIG. 1B is cut from sectional line B-B′ of FIG. 1C. Flow cell 100 includes a first substrate 101 bonded to a transparent substrate 103. The first substrate 101 has a microfluidic inlet 107/109 and a microfluidic outlet 109/107. Micro fluidic channel patterns are shown as channels 111, 113, and 115. The various channels 111, 113, and 115 are connected to each other via various pathways and may be different sizes depending on the design of the flow cell. The channels include various capture sites 117 on bottom of the channels close to the transparent substrate 103 or top of the channels on the first substrate 101, or both. FIGS. 1A and 1B show the capture sites 117 on both top and bottom of the channels 111 and 113. Capture sites 117 are formed on the first substrate 101 and the transparent substrate 103. The capture sites 117 may have different densities in different channels. In some embodiments, the capture sites 117 on the first substrate 101 and the transparent substrate 103 are aligned in a top view. In other embodiments, the capture sites 117 on the first substrate 101 and the transparent substrate 103 are offset in a top view such that an optical detector sees only one capture site 117 per location.

The capture sites have certain chemistries that allow some material to bind to it. According to various embodiments, a bio-medium on which various bio-materials can bind, including agar or polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel, is disposed on the capture sites. The bio-medium is connected to the capture site on the substrate through an adhesion promotion layer, which may be 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), or hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS).

A bonding polymer layer is disposed between the first substrate 101 and the transparent substrate 103. The bonding polymer layer 119 defines the microfluidic channels 111, 113, and 115 and seals the adjacent microfluidic channels from each other. The bonding polymer layer 119 adheres to both the first substrate 101 and the transparent substrate 103 and also seals the flow cell 100 along the perimeter such that the only access to the microfluidic channels 111, 113, and 115 is through the inlet/outlet 107/109.

FIG. 2A is a flow chart of some embodiments of methods 200 of fabricating a flow cell device according to one or more aspects of the present disclosure. FIGS. 3A to 3L are cross-sectional views of partially fabricated flow cell devices constructed according to one or more steps of the method 200 of FIG. 2A.

In operation 202 of FIG. 2, through holes are laser drilled in a first substrate or a second substrate. Other techniques of forming through-holes include various etching techniques and waterjet drilling. Laser drilling of cylindrical holes generally occurs through melting and vaporization (also referred to as “ablation”) of the substrate material through absorption of energy from a focused laser beam. Depending on the direction of the laser energy, the laser drilled through-holes can have an inverse trapezoidal shape in a cross section. In some embodiments, the through-holes are formed by microblasting, or ultrasonic drilling. Microblasting removes material by driving a high velocity fluid stream of air or inert gases including fine abrasive particles, usually about 0.001 in (0.025 mm) in diameter. Ultrasonic drilling involves using high frequency vibrations to hammer a bit through materials. Depending on the process used for forming the through-holes, by products need to be removed from the substrate, by etching or cleaning.

At least two through-holes are formed for every flow cell—an inlet and an outlet. More than two through-holes may be used for different inlet fluids or if the flow cell performs separation of the analyte and more than one outlet is used. The through holes may be formed on separate substrates or the same substrate. Two through holes may be formed on the same substrate, either the first substrate or the second substrate. FIG. 3A is a cross sectional diagram of a substrate 301 before the through-holes is formed. FIG. 3B is a cross sectional diagram of a substrate 301 having a through-holes 303 therein.

In operations 204 to 208, a number of first capture sites is formed on a first substrate. In operation 204, a nanoimprint lithography (NIL) stamp stamps a patterned adhesive promoter on a first substrate. In an NIL process, a sample liquid, also called ink, is transferred to a planar target surface in a stamping motion. The stamp may be a silicone material such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a silicon material, or a silicon oxide material. The island features are formed by molding, photolithographic patterning, or ion beam patterning. Depending on the process used, the island features may be small with a small pitch. For example, the island features may be tens of angstroms across with a pitch in the same range. In some examples, each island may have a width and a length of about 10 to 50 angstroms. In other examples, each island may have a width and a length of about 50 to 200 angstroms. The island size is determined from the use of the flow cell. For DNA sequencing where smaller clusters are detectible by the optical sensing instruments, the island features may be about 20 angstroms. If the flow cell is used to work with cells or large biomolecules, larger islands may be used.

The island features contact the liquid sample in a reservoir, much like a stamp first contacts an ink well. Some liquid sample is retained on the island surface by the island feature. The stamp is then pressed onto a surface of the substrate to transfer at least a portion of the liquid sample from the island surface to the substrate surface. FIG. 3C shows the first substrate 301 and a NIL stamp 305 over the first substrate 301. The first substrate 301 may be quartz, silicon, sapphire, silicon carbide, or transparent or non-transparent substrates that do not react with the analyte. The NIL stamp 305 includes many island features 307 having an adhesive promoter 309 on its surface. The adhesive promoter is a liquid chemical that bonds to the substrate 301, for example, a silane-based or thio-based molecule, and can bond to a bio-medium to anchor the bio-medium to the substrate. In some embodiments, the adhesion promoter is HMDS or APTES.

The NIL stamp 305 makes contact with the first substrate 301 and is lifted as shown in FIG. 3D. A portion of the adhesive promoter 309 is left behind and forms an adhesive promoter imprint on the first substrate 301. The adhesive promoter imprint may be a monolayer. The patterned adhesive promoter 309 on the first substrate has the same pattern as the island features 307 on the NIL stamp 305. The adhesive promoter transfer may not be complete, some adhesive promoter material may be left on the island features 307. Further, while adhesive promoter 309 is inked only on the island features 307 in FIG. 3C, the adhesive promoter 309 may be present in the valley areas of the NIL stamp 305 between the island features 307. However, because only the island feature surface contacts the first substrate 301, the additional adhesive promoter 309 between the island features does not affect the pattern imprinted.

In operation 206 of FIG. 2A, an NIL stamp stamps a bio-medium on the patterned adhesive promoter on the first substrate. The adhesive promoter and the bio-medium form a capture site. The patterned adhesive promoter and the bio-medium on the patterned adhesive promoter form a capture site pattern. The NIL stamp used to stamp the bio-medium may be the same NIL stamp used to stamp the adhesive promoter or a different NIL stamp having the same island feature pattern. FIG. 3E shows the first substrate 301 and a NIL stamp 315 over the first substrate 301. The NIL stamp 315 includes many island features 307 with bio-medium material 311 on the surface. The bio-medium material is a support medium that can bind to primers for performing reactions in the flow cell. The bio-medium may be a natural or a synthetic material. In some embodiments, the bio-medium material is agar or a hydrogel, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel.

The NIL stamp 315 makes contact with the first substrate 301 and is lifted as shown in FIG. 3F. A portion of the bio-medium 311 is left behind on the adhesive promoter 309 on the first substrate 301. Because the bio-medium 311 is stamped directly on the adhesive promoter pattern 309, the NIL stamp 315 is aligned carefully with the adhesive promoter pattern 309. The bio-medium 311 stamping may be performed more than once to increase the thickness of the bio-medium 311 layer. The patterned bio-medium 311 on the first substrate has the same pattern as the island features 317 on the NIL stamp 315. In some embodiments, the NIL stamp 305 of FIG. 3C and the NIL stamp 315 of FIG. 3E formed of different materials having the same island feature pattern. The bio-medium transfer may not be complete, some bio-medium material may be left on the island features 317. Further, while bio-medium 311 is inked only on the island features 317 in FIG. 3E, the bio-medium 311 may be present in the valley areas of the NIL stamp 315 between the island features 317. However, because only the island feature surface contacts the first substrate 301, the additional bio-medium 311 between the island features does not affect the pattern imprinted.

Depending on the particular materials used for the adhesive promoter and for the bio-medium, the substrate may be baked at a relatively low temperature to covalently bond the bio-medium and the adhesive promoter. In some embodiments, the covalent bonds are formed at a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius to 200 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, the materials are irradiated to promote the covalent bonding using UV/Vis/IR light for curing. A capture site includes an adhesive promoter layer and a bio-medium layer bonded over the adhesive promoter layer.

Referring back to FIG. 2A, in operation 210, a patterned polymer layer is formed on the first substrate or a second substrate. The patterned polymer layer may be formed before or after the capture sites are formed. In some embodiments, the polymer layer is formed by using a photoresist (PR) dry film. A PR dry film is applied to a substrate, either the first substrate or the second substrate. The PR dry film is then exposed to a patterned light and developed to remove an unexposed portion of the PR dry film. In some embodiments, the exposed portion is removed, depending on the type of PR dry film. The developer used to dissolve the PR dry film is selected to be bio-compatible. The PR film has a low solvent content, so it would harden with a low temperature bake at less than 100 degrees Celsius, for example, at about 90 degrees Celsius. At low temperatures, already formed capture sites would not be harmed. The patterned polymer layer becomes the walls of the microfluidic channels as well as sealing the flow cell. FIGS. 3G and 3H are cross sectional diagrams of a substrate 351 before and after forming the patterned polymer layer 353. The patterned polymer layer 353 has a thickness between about 10 microns to hundreds of microns. For example, the patterned polymer layer 353 may be about 100 microns.

Referring back to FIG. 2A, operations 212 to 216 on the second substrate (FIGS. 3I to 3L) mirror operations 204 to 208 on the first substrate (FIGS. 3C to 3F), with a different NIL stamp shape. Operations 212 to 216 are used when capture sites are formed on the second substrate. When a patterned polymer layer is formed before the capture sites, the NIL stamp is shaped appropriately to be inserted between the polymer patterns. According to some embodiments, the polymer layer pattern is used to align the NIL stamp. Referring to FIG. 3I, the NIL stamp 355 having a channel base 356, island features 357, and an adhesive promoter 359 is inserted between polymer pattern 353 to stamp an adhesive promoter 359 on the second substrate 351. In some embodiments, the channel base 356 has an angled side or two angled sides so as to form a trapezoidal shape to align the NIL stamp 355 to the microfluidic channel during stamping. In FIG. 3J, the NIL stamp 355 is lifted from the second substrate 351, leaving a patterned adhesive promoter 359 on the second substrate 351. In FIG. 3K, an NIL stamp 365 stamps a bio-medium 361 on the adhesive promoter 359. In FIG. 3L, the NIL stamp 365 is lifted from the second substrate 351, leaving bio-medium 361 behind. Operation 216 is the same as operation 208 and may be used if the materials in the capture site are bonded by a soft baking operation. In the embodiments illustrated, a patterned polymer layer is formed on both the first and the second substrate. In other embodiments, a patterned polymer layer could be formed on only one of the first or the second substrate, and then bonded to the other of the second or first substrate.

Referring back to FIG. 2A, in operation 218, the first substrate and the second substrate are bonded via the patterned polymer layer on the first substrate or the second substrate. In some embodiments, the patterned polymer layers are formed on both the first substrate and the second substrate in a non-overlapping or an overlapping matter. The overlapping embodiment may be used to increase the height of microfluidic channels. FIG. 2B is a process flow diagram showing operation 218 in more detail. In operation 220, the first substrate and the second substrate are aligned. The alignment may be performed by alignment marks on the first substrate and the second substrate. If used, the alignment marks are disposed in areas on the substrates outside of the flow cells. The alignment marks may be disposed in scribe areas that will be subsequently removed when the bonded substrates are diced. The alignment marks may also be a part of the flow cells. For example, the alignment may be performed using the patterned polymer layer as the alignment marks.

In operation 222, the first substrate and the second substrate are mounted. In some embodiments, a transparent substrate is mounted on a non-transparent substrate when the alignment sensor can use features on the non-transparent substrate detectible through the transparent substrate. After the substrates are mounted, in operation 224, the first substrate and the second substrate are baked at a temperature less than 100 degrees Celsius, with or without a downward pressure during the baking. In addition or instead of baking, an ultraviolet (UV) light may be applied to facilitate bonding of the polymer layer to a substrate. Once bonded, the patterned polymer layer forms a seal against the substrate bonded. The bonding operation may include one or many of baking, mechanical pressure application, and UV light. In certain embodiments, the UV light may be patterned so its application is directed toward the areas of the polymer layer and not directed toward capture sites. The photomask used for forming the patterned polymer layer may be used to pattern the UV light.

After the bonding operation, any backside tape or handling apparatus is removed from the bonded substrates. In one embodiment, an UV tape is applied to one of the substrates to facilitate handling. The UV light that bonds the substrate and the polymer layer can also degrade the adhesive on the tape to render it easily removable. After the bonding operation, the substrates may be diced or singulated to form individual flow cells as shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C. The tape removal may occur before or after the singulation. The flow cell thus formed has patterned capture sites having small dimensions and high density to enable more information to be captured during the biological reaction, such as DNA sequencing. The time to sequence a target is reduced. The NIL stamping process allows the patterned polymer layer to be formed on a substrate before the capture sites are formed, reducing the likelihood that developer chemicals or other parts of the photolithography process used for the PR dry film affect the chemicals on the capture sites. Further a potentially damaging operation of using chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to form capture sites in etched divots is avoided. This method also allows the use of transparent substrates in the semiconductor fab without contamination issues from etching of glass or quartz substrates.

The present disclosure also pertains to alternate methods of forming capture sites on a substrate using an NIL process. FIG. 4 is a process flow of the method 400 to form capture sites. Cross sectional diagrams in FIGS. 5A to 5E correspond to various operations in method 400. In operation 402, a substrate is provided having a base substrate, a soft bottom layer on the base substrate, and a coated top layer.

FIG. 5A is a cross section of substrate 500 including the base substrate 501, the soft bottom layer 503 and a coated top layer 505. The base substrate 501 may be a transparent substrate or a non-transparent substrate. The soft bottom layer 503 is softer than an NIL stamp and allows the NIL stamp to deform the soft bottom layer 503. The soft bottom layer 503 may be a thermal plastic resin or a metal layer. The metal layer may include one or more of aluminum, copper, titanium, and an alloy of these. The soft bottom layer 503 has a thickness between about 3 microns to about 10 microns. The soft bottom layer 503 may be deposited on the substrate 501 using semiconductor deposition processes including physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or spin-on processes. The coated top layer 505 is a silicon oxide having a thickness between about 1000 angstroms to about 5000 angstroms. The top coated layer 505 may be a spin-on glass (SOG) deposited using spin-on processes. The SOG may be partially cured or fully cured and is thin and soft to allow an NIL stamp to punch through.

In operation 404 of FIG. 4, a surface chemical pattern is formed by stamping an NIL stamp through the coated top layer and stopping beneath an interface of the soft bottom layer and the coated top layer. FIG. 5B includes an NIL stamp 507. In the process of tamping. The NIL stamp 507 punches through the coated top layer 505, forms an indentation in the soft bottom layer 503, and stops without reaching the base substrate 501. The NIL stamp 507 may be a silicon material, a silicon oxide material, a sapphire, or other hard material that can be patterned to form punch features 509. The punch features 509 are formed by photolithographic patterning, or ion beam patterning. Depending on the process used, the punch features 509 may be small with a small pitch. For example, the punch features 509 may be tens of angstroms across with a pitch in the same range. In some examples, each punch feature 509 may have a width and a length of about 10 to 50 angstroms. In other examples, each punch feature 509 may have a width and a length of about 50 to 200 angstroms. The punch feature pitch size is determined from the use of the flow cell. For DNA sequencing where smaller clusters are detectible by the optical sensing instruments, the punch feature pitch may be about 40 angstroms. If the flow cell is used to work with cells or large biomolecules, larger pitch may be used. The punch features 509 have thickness determined by the thicknesses of the coated top layer 505 and the soft bottom layer 503. Because the stamping is designed to stop before reaching the base substrate 501, the punch feature thickness is less than the sum of the coated top layer 505 and the soft bottom layer 503.

The punch features 509 surfaces may be treated to increase its hardness and to ensure that it does not bond during the stamping operation to the material on substrate 500. For example, an additional baking operation at about 200-460 degrees Celsius or UV curing may be used to harden punch features. The substrate 500 may be cleaned after the stamping operation to ensure that no silicon oxide material remains at the bottom of the openings 511. The NIL stamp 507 is inspected and replaced if necessary to ensure mechanical integrity during the stamping operation.

The NIL stamp 507 is lifted as shown in FIG. 5C, leaving openings 511 in the substrate 500 in the coated top layer 505 and soft bottom layer 503. The remaining portions of the coated top layer 505 are the surface chemical pattern. Capture sites are formed on the surface chemical pattern in subsequent operations. Therefore, the punch feature size does not define the size of the capture sites; rather, the spacing between the punch feature size defines the capture site size.

Referring to FIG. 4, in operation 406 the substrate is exposed to an adhesive promoter that reacts and adheres only to the coated top layer. According to various embodiments, the soft bottom layer does not form a bond with the adhesive promoter. In some embodiments, the soft bottom layer is selected to be non-wetting with respect to the adhesive promoter. The substrate may be exposed to the adhesive promoter through a spin and rinse processes. The adhesive promoter selectively adheres to silicon-containing surfaces, especially the patterned coated top layer of silicon oxide. The soft-bottom layer covers and protects the underlying base substrate from the adhesive promoter. Next, in operation 408, the substrate is exposed to a bio-medium that attaches only to the adhesive promoter. Each patterned feature of the coated top layer becomes a capture site having an adhesive promoter layer and a bio-medium thereon.

FIG. 5D is a cross sectional diagram of substrate 500 after the adhesive promoter 513 is attached to the patterned coated top layer. As shown, the adhesive promoter 513 is attached to the top and sides of the patterned coated top layer, which is a silicon oxide island over an outcrop of the soft bottom layer. The capture site is three-dimensional, as a box or a cylinder. In some embodiments, the capture site has a top surface and four sidewalls. In other embodiments, the capture site has a top surface and a circumferential sidewall. The three-dimensional shape allows more surface area to be used as capture site as compared to a two-dimensional capture site having only a top surface.

In operation 410, the substrate is soft baked to covalently bond the bio-medium and the patterned adhesive promoter. Operation 410 is the same as operation 208 of FIG. 2A. After operation 410 the capture sites are formed on the substrate. The method 400 of FIG. 4 may be used to prepare capture sites on one or more substrates. FIG. 5E is a cross section diagram of a flow cell 550. The flow cell 550 includes two base substrates 551 and 553, both with capture sites 555. The base substrate 551, soft bottom layer 561, and capture sites 555 is the first substrate. The base substrate 553, soft bottom layer 561, and capture sites 555 is the second substrate. Each capture site 555 includes a silicon oxide island formed from the coated top layer over an outcrop of the soft bottom layer 561 formed from the stamping operation.

The base substrate 553 includes a through hole 557, which may be formed after the soft bottom layer and optionally the coated top layer is deposited. Although only one through hole 557 is illustrated, embodiments are contemplated wherein two or more through holes are formed. A patterned polymer layer 559 is disposed between the first substrate and the second substrate and defines microfluidic channel walls. The polymer bonding process of operation 218 of FIGS. 2A and 2B is used to attach the patterned polymer layer. While FIG. 5E shows the patterned polymer layer disposed between two soft bottom layers 561, other embodiments may involve the patterned polymer layer directly contacting the base substrates 551 and 553.

In some embodiments, capture sites are formed after the substrates are bonded. After the stamping operation 404 of FIG. 4, the substrates are bonded using the patterned polymer layer. Then the capture sites are completed by flowing the adhesive promoter layer and/or the bio-medium. Because the exposed coated top layer bonds with the adhesive promoter material selectively, the adhesive promoter may be flowed through the microfluidic channel, rinsed, and then the bio-medium material may be flowed through the microfluidic channel and rinsed. This alternate embodiment has an advantage of not exposing the chemicals of the capture sites to any elevated temperature; however, the thicknesses of different layers on the capture site would be difficult to control.

According to some embodiments, a flow cell may include recessed capture sites as shown in FIGS. 6A to 6J. In FIG. 6A, a transparent substrate 601 and a handling apparatus 603 is provided. The handling apparatus (opaque layer) may be a tape/polymer or deposited multi-layer films by PVD/CVD or another substrate bonded to the transparent substrate 601. In FIG. 6B, a number of recesses 605 are formed on the substrate. In some examples, the recesses 605 are formed by patterning and etching the transparent substrate 601. In FIG. 6C, capture sites 607 are formed in the recesses. In some embodiments, the capture sites 607 are formed by sequential NIL stamping of an adhesive promoter and a bio-medium. In other embodiments, the capture sites 607 are formed by a combination NIL stamping of a mixture of adhesive promoter and bio-medium. In still other embodiments, the capture sites 607 are formed by sequential deposition of an adhesive promoter and a bio-medium and a CMP to remove portions not in the recesses. In FIG. 6D, a patterned polymer layer 609 is formed on the transparent substrate 601 according to previously described operation 210 of FIG. 2A.

In FIG. 6E, a second substrate 611 is provided. The second substrate 611 may be transparent or not. In FIG. 6F, recesses 613 are formed in the second substrate 611 in a similar process as forming recesses 605 in the first substrate 601. In FIG. 6G, one or more through holes 615 are formed in the second substrate 611, in a similar process as described in association with operation 202 of FIG. 2A. In FIG. 6H, capture sites 617 are formed in the second substrate 611 in a similar process as forming capture sites 607 in the first substrate.

In FIG. 6I, the two substrates from FIG. 6D and FIG. 6H are bonded using a polymer bonding process as described in association with operation 218 of FIG. 2A. In FIG. 6J, the handling apparatus 603 is removed from the flow cell of FIG. 6I.

According to various embodiments, the capture sites in a flow cell may have a relatively flat surface (FIGS. 1A to 1C), a protruding three-dimensional (3-D) structure (FIG. 5E), or a recessed structure (FIG. 6J). Each capture site configuration may be manufactured using a NIL stamping process as described. In one flow cell, the capture sites on one side may have a different configuration from the other side. For example, in some embodiments, one side of the flow cell may have a protruding 3-D capture site while the opposite side may have recessed capture sites. Capture site design consideration includes the intended flow rates in the microfluidic channel, size of the biological sample, the nature of intended reaction in the flow cell, the importance of maximizing surface area or separating clusters, manufacturing cost, among others.

One aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method of manufacturing a flow cell that includes forming stamping a patterned adhesive promoter on a first substrate using nanoimprint lithography, stamping a bio-medium on the patterned adhesive promoter on the first substrate using nanoimprint lithography to form a first capture site pattern, forming a patterned polymer layer on the first substrate or a second substrate, and polymer bonding the first substrate to the second substrate. The first substrate or the second substrate or both substrates are transparent. The method may also include soft baking the first substrate after stamping a bio-medium to covalently bond the bio-medium and the patterned adhesive promoter. In some embodiments, the method also includes stamping a patterned adhesive promoter on the second substrate using nanoimprint lithography and stamping a bio-medium on the patterned adhesive promoter on the second substrate using nanoimprint lithography to form a second capture site pattern. The first capture site pattern and the second capture site pattern may be aligned in a top view. In some embodiments, the method also includes laser drilling one or more through holes in the second substrate. The polymer bonding operation may include aligning the first substrate and the second substrate, mounting the first substrate and the second substrate, and baking the first substrate and the second substrate at a temperature less than 100 degrees Celsius.

Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method of manufacturing a flow cell. The method includes providing a first substrate having a base substrate, a soft bottom layer on the base substrate, and a coated top layer, stamping a surface chemical pattern by stamping through the coated top layer and stop beneath an interface of the soft bottom layer and the coated top layer, exposing the first substrate to an adhesive promoter, exposing the first substrate to a bio-medium, forming a patterned polymer layer on the first substrate or a second substrate, and polymer bonding the first substrate to the second substrate. The adhesive promoter reacts and attaches only to the coated top layer and the bio-medium attaches to only the adhesive promoter. The first substrate or the second substrate or both substrates are transparent. In some embodiments, the coated top layer is a spin-on-glass (SOG) oxide. In some embodiments, the soft bottom layer is a thermal plastic resin.

The present disclosure also pertains to a flow cell having a transparent substrate and a bottom substrate, which may or may not be transparent. One of the substrates has through holes. The flow cell also includes a patterned photoresist dry film between the first substrate and the second substrate. The patterned polymer layers form microfluidic channel walls between the first substrate and the substrate. A plurality of patterned capture sites within microfluidic channels on the first substrate, the second substrate, or both. The plurality of capture sites each comprises a patterned adhesive promoter and a bio-medium. The patterned adhesive promoter and the bio-medium may be covalently bonded. The patterned capture sites may be disposed on a surface chemical pattern having silicon oxide islands each disposed on an outcrop of a soft bottom layer over a base substrate. The soft bottom layer may be aluminum, copper, titanium, an alloy of these, or a combination of these or a thermal plastic resin. The plurality of patterned capture sites may be recessed into the first substrate, the second substrate, or both, formed directly on a planar surface of the first substrate, the second substrate, or both. The first substrate and the second substrate may be about or less than 1 mm thick and may be formed of quartz. The bio-medium is a hydrogel.

In describing one or more of these embodiments, the present disclosure may offer several advantages over prior art devices. In the discussion of the advantages or benefits that follows it should be noted that these benefits and/or results may be present is some embodiments, but are not required in every embodiment. Further, it is understood that different embodiments disclosed herein offer different features and advantages, and that various changes, substitutions and alterations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A flow cell comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate having through holes; a patterned photoresist dry film between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the patterned photoresist dry film forms microfluidic channel walls between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plurality of patterned capture sites within microfluidic channels on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein each of the plurality of patterned capture sites comprises a patterned adhesive promoter and a bio-medium; wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is transparent.
 2. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the patterned adhesive promoter and the bio-medium are covalently bonded.
 3. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the plurality of patterned capture sites are disposed on a surface chemical pattern and wherein the surface chemical pattern is silicon oxide islands each disposed on an outcrop of a soft bottom layer over a base substrate.
 4. The flow cell of claim 3, wherein the soft bottom layer comprises aluminum, copper, titanium, an alloy of these, or a combination of these.
 5. The flow cell of claim 3, wherein the soft bottom layer is a thermal plastic resin.
 6. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the plurality of patterned capture sites are recessed into the first substrate, the second substrate, or both.
 7. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are about or less than 1 mm thick.
 8. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate is quartz.
 9. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein a first plurality of patterned capture sites are on the first substrate and a second plurality of patterned capture sites are on the second substrate, and wherein the first plurality of patterned capture sites are not aligned with the second plurality of patterned capture sites in a top view.
 10. The flow cell of claim 1, wherein the bio-medium is hydrogel.
 11. A flow cell comprising: a first substrate; a second substrate having through holes formed therein; microfluidic channels formed between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a plurality of patterned capture sites formed within the microfluidic channels, wherein each of the plurality of patterned capture sites comprises a patterned adhesive promoter and a bio-medium.
 12. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein the bio-medium and the patterned adhesive promoter are covalently bonded.
 13. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein the bio-medium is hydrogel.
 14. The flow cell of claim 11 further comprising a recess and wherein the plurality of patterned capture sites are formed in the recess.
 15. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein the plurality of patterned capture sites are disposed on a surface chemical pattern and wherein the surface chemical pattern is silicon oxide islands each disposed on an outcrop of a soft bottom layer over a base substrate.
 16. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein the first substrate and the second substrate are substantially 1 mm thick or less.
 17. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is transparent, and wherein the transparent substrate is quartz.
 18. The flow cell of claim 11, wherein a first plurality of patterned capture sites are on the first substrate and a second plurality of patterned capture sites are on the second substrate, and wherein the first plurality of patterned capture sites are misaligned with the second plurality of patterned capture sites.
 19. A flow cell comprising: a first substrate having a first side and an opposing second side; a first plurality of capture sides formed on the second side of the first substrate; a second substrate having a first side and an opposing second side with a through hole formed therein; a second plurality of capture sides formed on the first side of the second substrate, the second side of the first substrate facing the first side of the second substrate; and a patterned photoresist dry film between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the patterned photoresist dry film forms microfluidic channel walls between the first substrate and the second substrate.
 20. The flow cell of claim 19, wherein at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate is transparent. 